Adversary Proceeding

Automatic Stay

Buyback Agreement

Chapter 13 Plan

Confirmation

Creditor

Debtor

Discharge

Dismissal

Exemptions

Foreclosure

Means Test

Meeting of Creditors

Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay

Negative Equity

Petition

Proof of Claim

Reaffirmation

Redemption

Secured Debt

Trustee

Unsecured Debt

US Trustee

Adversary Proceeding

An Adversary Proceeding (AP) is similar to a lawsuit filed by either the debtor or a creditor and runs on a separate docket beside the core bankruptcy case. Common reasons for bankruptcy attorneys to file an AP is to seek sanctions against a creditor for violating the debtor’s rights or to determine whether IRS debt is dischargeable. A common reason for a creditor to file an AP against a debtor is to dispute the dischargeability of a debt.

Automatic Stay

The day a person files for bankruptcy the bankruptcy court issues an order to all creditors listed in the petition that tells them to stop any and all attempts to collect a debt against the debtor. This order is called the “automatic stay”. There are severe penalties if it is proven that a creditor willfully violates the automatic stay, and I prosecute creditors who do so.

Buyback Agreement

In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, a debtor must sometimes enter into a buyback agreement with their trustee if they have assets that are not protected by applicable exemption law. If the debtor wants to keep these assets, bankruptcy attorneys will negotiate an agreement between the debtor and the trustee to buy the nonexempt property back from the bankruptcy estate. Usually, this involves the debtor making monthly payments to the trustee.

Chapter 13 Plan

When a debtor files a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, she enters into a payment plan with the Chapter 13 trustee. In Orlando, the trustee is Laurie K. Weatherford. As an Orlando bankruptcy attorney, I draft a plan for my client who explains goals my client wants to accomplish in her Chapter 13 case. The plan is filed at the beginning of my client’s case and serves as a framework for the entire case.

Confirmation

In Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the Chapter 13 plan must be approved by the court after all objections made by the bankruptcy attorneys to proofs of claim filed by creditors have been heard, and any objections by creditors to the Chapter 13 plan have been resolved. Once the bankruptcy judge confirms the plan, the parties to the bankruptcy are bound by its terms.

Creditor

In bankruptcy, anyone a debtor owes money to at the time the debtor’s case is filed is considered a creditor.

Debtor

As an Orlando bankruptcy attorney, the debtor, first and foremost, is my client.

More commonly, the person filing bankruptcy is known by the bankruptcy court as the debtor.

Discharge

Receiving the discharge order is your ultimate goal when filing bankruptcy.

A discharge is entered at the end of a bankruptcy case and releases the debtor from personal liability for all debts except those few that are nondischargeable. In other words, you are no longer legally required to pay any debts that were discharged. A discharge is a permanent order prohibiting creditors from taking any form of collection action on discharged debts, including legal action and communications, such as telephone calls, letters and personal contacts.

Exemptions

Exemptions are provided by state or federal statute and used by debtors to protect certain assets from being liquidated in bankruptcy court. In other words, applying the exemptions available to you correctly will allow you to keep your stuff. One of my main jobs as an Orlando bankruptcy attorney is to determine which exemptions apply in my client’s case and use them correctly to allow my client to keep the assets he or she wants to keep.

The most commonly used exemptions are the homestead exemption, vehicle exemption, wildcard exemption, and retirement plan exemption.

Foreclosure

When you have missed 4 or more mortgage payments on a piece of real estate, the creditor you owe the money to can file a lawsuit against you to take the home away from you. This lawsuit is known as a foreclosure.

In Florida, the creditor must file a foreclosure lawsuit against you and receive a final judgment against you in that lawsuit before the real estate can be taken away from you. This procedure can last over a year.

Filing a Chapter 13 bankruptcy is one way to prevent a foreclosure from taking place or to stop an active foreclosure.

Means Test

Very basically, if your gross household income exceeds the median income for a household of your size in the state in which you are filing bankruptcy, then you fail the means test.

Did you click on that link? Is your household income higher than the median? Do you think that you can’t file Chapter 7 bankruptcy now?

Think again. As an Orlando bankruptcy attorney, I have represented thousands of clients whose income level exceeded the median income level yet still received a discharge of their debts in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

“Passing” or “failing” the means test, despite Congress’s best intentions, has become a subjective endeavor.

If you think that you might fail the means test, then you should contact an experienced Orlando bankruptcy attorney, like me, to discuss your situation.

Meeting Of Creditors

Once a bankruptcy case has been filed, the trustee conducts a meeting with the debtor called the meeting of creditors. This is a bit of a misnomer, as creditors rarely show up for the meeting. At this time, the trustee will place you under oath and ask you questions about the bankruptcy petition that your orlando bankruptcy attorneys filed for you.

Most likely, whether you have filed a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13, this is the only time you will have to appear in front of anyone other than your Orlando bankruptcy attorneys.

Motion For Relief From The Automatic Stay

Once a bankruptcy case has been filed, the trustee conducts a meeting with the debtor called the meeting of creditors. This is a bit of a misnomer, as Creditors rarely show up for the meeting. At this time, the trustee will place you under oath and ask you questions about the bankruptcy petition that your Orlando bankruptcy attorneys filed for you.

Most likely, whether you have filed a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13, this is the only time you will have to appear in front of anyone other than your Orlando bankruptcy attorneys.

Negative Equity

The difference between what you owe on your car, house or any other collateral and what that collateral is worth. For example, if you owe $15K on a car, and the market value of the car is $10K, then you have $5K of “negative equity” in the car.

Negative equity is created when you “rollover” a previous car loan into a new one. Negative equity can be eliminated by redeeming a car in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy or by taking advantage of the benefits of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Petition

When filing bankruptcy, debtors fill out papers that eventually get filed with the bankruptcy court by your Orlando bankruptcy attorneys. These papers are known as the bankruptcy petition. In these papers, you must fully disclose all of your assets and all of your debts.

Proof Of Claim

In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, each Creditor listed in the case is given the opportunity to file a proof of claim with the Bankruptcy court. This claim must include evidence that the debtor owes them money. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, claims are only paid if the Chapter 7 trustee has recovered assets or funds from the debtor.

Reaffirmation

A reaffirmation agreement only happens in Chapter 7 bankruptcy. This agreement, that must be approved by a bankruptcy judge, makes the debtor liable for a debt that otherwise would have been discharged in the bankruptcy.

In other words, you’re stuck with a debt that you would have been able to get out of had you not signed, and the court had not approved, the reaffirmation agreement. Because most reaffirmation agreements are not in my clients’ best interests, as an Orlando bankruptcy attorney, I do not sign reaffirmation agreements and the bankruptcy judge generally will not approve reaffirmation agreements.

Redemption

In Chapter 7 bankruptcy, it is sometimes possible for the debtor to pay only the market value of a vehicle or any other personal property, instead of the total amount owed on the item at the time of filing bankruptcy. This is called redeeming the property and is performed by your Orlando bankruptcy attorneys filing a motion with the bankruptcy court once the case is filed.

Secured Debt

Secured debt is debt that has some type of collateral attached to it, which the creditor is entitled to take possession of if the debt is not paid. The most common types of secured debt are car loans and mortgages.

Trustee

In each bankruptcy case, the Bankruptcy Court appoints a trustee to oversee the case. A Chapter 7 trustee’s job is to review each case to determine if there are assets and liquidate any of those assets that are not exempt. Chapter 13 trustee’s job is somewhat different. The Chapter 13 trustee collects payments on the Chapter 13 plan and distributes funds paid into that plan to creditors with legitimate claims in the case.

Unsecured Debt

Unsecured debt is the most common type of debt. These debts are not tied to any property. Think credit cards and medical bills.

US Trustee

The US Trustee’s office oversees each case and reviews the bankruptcy petition for possible fraud and means test violations.